http://dspace.ewubd.edu:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/638 2026-04-04T20:19:43Z http://dspace.ewubd.edu:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/696 Role of Glucosamine Sulphate, Chrondoitin Sulphate & Vitamin C in Enhancing Chrondoprotective Effects and Management of Pain in Osteoarthritis Chowdhury, Ekram Ahmed Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease involving the cartilage and many of its surrounding tissues. The risk of disability is so great that it is now a costly burden to society and loss of productivity. So, the objectives in managing the patient with OA are to reduce/eliminate pain & stiffness, maintain/improve mobility, optimize function & hence minimize disability. Currently, there is no cure to osteoarthritis. Available treatment options are only aimed at alleviating pain and improving functionality of joints. NSAIDs are recommended as second line treatment (after acetaminophen) for mild OA and as first-line treatment for moderate to severe OA. However, due to the potentially serious adverse reactions of NSAIDs, they are not suitable for long term use. Numerous clinical studies have demonstrated that the targeted administration of selected micronutrients leads to a more effective reduction of OA symptoms, with less adverse events. Consistent with the in vitro and in vivo studies done on glucosamine and chrondoitin sulphate, some clinical trials thus far reported support the demonstrated favorable effects of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate alone or in combination in relieving OA pain. However, none of a larger number of randomized clinical trials gave such positive results, suggesting an ambiguity of the benefit of these two nutraceuticals in OA. The study has been conducted in 3 groups of 20 patients in order to evaluate and compare improved treatment outcomes combining Paracetamol, Gucosamine hydrochloride, Chrondoitin sulfate & Vitamin C. Superior effects of combination treatment considering paracetamol, glucosamine sulphate, chrondoitin sulphate and vitamin C over glucosamine sulphate, chrondoitin sulphate and paracetamol were seen during the study suggesting the combination of vitamin C with Glucosmine sulphate and chrondoitin sulphate may play a vital role in alleviation of pain in knee OA patients. Since the other treatment options carry a considerable risk of side effects over long term use, this treatment combination maybe a very valuable and safe method of ensuring long term treatment of knee OA with negligible side effects. This thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B.Pharm) of East West University, Dhaka, Bangladesh 0001-01-01T00:00:00Z http://dspace.ewubd.edu:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/695 Study of Clinical, Social and Behavioral Factors Affecting Maternal Health in Bangladesh Tanzin, Sadia Globally, more than 500,000 women die each year because of complications related to pregnancy and childbirth. They die due to haemorrhage, sepsis, hypertensive disorders, unsafe abortion and prolonged or obstructed labour – complications that can often be effectively treated in a health system that provides skilled personnel facilities to handle emergencies when they occur and post-partum care. Prenatal care is known to improve the outcome of pregnancy and birth for both mother and child. It not only monitors the health of the mother and foetus but also allows for the identification of potential complications. MDG 5 (Millennium development goal 5) on improving maternal health is one of the goals towards which least progress has been made. Teenage pregnancy, pregnancy within 19 years of age, is a public health concern both in developed and developing counties. Most of the studies found that pre-term delivery, still birth, fetal distress, birth asphyxia, anaemia, low birth weight, pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) and spontaneous abortion were most frequently encountered complications during teenage pregnancies. As per a major survey by the Government of Bangladesh maternal mortality ratio in Bangladesh has dropped by 40% in the last nine years. However, as per this study conducted on 654 pregnant women, maternal health in Bangladesh is still under considerable risk. Majority of the participants 75% were married during their teen ages. 44% of the respondents first conceived during their teen ages. Pre-term delivery, still birth, fetal distress, birth asphyxia, anaemia, low birth weight, pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) and spontaneous abortion were most frequently encountered complications during teenage as per previous studies. 94% of the pregnant women had no understanding or knowledge of the different complications that may occur during pregnancy. 98% of the patients did not know the blood group of their husband and 59% of the patients did not know their own blood group along with their husband’s. A close relation was found between education level, the marriage in teen age, age of 1st abortion as well as age when 1st time conceived. This thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B.Pharm) of East West University, Dhaka, Bangladesh 0001-01-01T00:00:00Z http://dspace.ewubd.edu:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/694 Current Prescribing Practices of Hospitalized Children Suffering From Pneumonia With Respect to Essential Drug List of Bangladesh Hemal, Hamza This retrospective study was designed to observe the adherence of the prescribing practices of hospitalized children suffering from pneumonia with the essential drug list (EDL) of our country. During ten months study period, 532 children (under 5 years of age) suffering from Pneumonia were enrolled from the Institutes of Child Health & Shisu Sasthya Foundation Hospital, Mirpur, Dhaka. This research revealed that cephalosporin alone or in combination with an aminoglycosides was most common antibiotics which were prescribed for the treatment of children suffering from pneumonia. But surprisingly this given treatment had very insignificant (7.98%) adherence with the essential drug list (EDL) of Bangladesh. So, this result supports the need of updating the Essential drug list of Bangladesh with modern evidence based effective drugs. Another outcome of this study indicated that in 75.2% cases there is a practice of polypharmacy in Bangladesh. Polypharmacy and overuse/misuse of drugs, especially antibiotics, should be discouraged to avoid drug resistance and its consequences. Furthermore, countywide multicenter research with a larger sample is still needed to consolidate the observation of this study. This thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B.Pharm) of East West University, Dhaka, Bangladesh 0001-01-01T00:00:00Z http://dspace.ewubd.edu:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/693 Preliminary Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant Activity & Cytotoxic Activity Evaluation of Spondias Pinnata Barks Hafiz, Md. Al Spondias pinnata is a flowering and glabrous tree upto 10.5 m high with straight trunk and smooth ash coloured bark having pleasant aromatic smell. The leaves and bark are aromatic, astringent and useful in preventing vomiting, dysentery and diarrhoea. The purpose of the study was to investigate the phytochemical compounds and cytotoxic compounds from ethyl acetate extract which will be pharmacologically effective. From phytochemical screening, the presence of some compounds was found such as alkaloids, flavonols, phenols, steroidal compounds and saponins. This indicates, it will be effective pharmacologically. Antioxidant properties are also found by DPPH test, Total Reducing power test and Total phenol content test. The Reducing power test showed percentage of reducing potential which is similar to standard (ascorbic acid). Sometimes it showed greater potential than the standard indicates the presence of phenol and polyphenolic compounds. For example, in the concentration of 1000 (μg/ml) the reducing potential of extract was 24.397% and of the standard was 13.941%. DPPH scavenging activity test also showed similar activity as ascorbic acid. Here, the extract showed greater activity than the standard. The extract showed the IC50 of 409(μg/ml) and the standard showed IC50 of 425(μg/ml). Estimation of total phenolic content also determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method and showed significant amount of phenolic compound’s presence. The extract showed greater absorbance than the standard. These indicate that, it will be effective pharmacologically to treat free radical mediated diseases. Cytotoxic activity was also found by Brine Shrimp Lethality test. The LD50 was measured for both the standard and the extract. The extract showed greater activity than the standard. That means the ethyl acetate extract of Spondias pinnata has potential cytoxic effect. This thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B.Pharm) of East West University, Dhaka, Bangladesh 0001-01-01T00:00:00Z